are absolutely evident within our criminal justice system. At the same time though, I think we really need to understand the character of the prison system- its vastness, its bias, its obsession above all with retribution- as it stands today is a relatively recent phenomenon. In the 1950s American prisons were held up as a model of progressive justice. The historical perspective you are offering is valuable, but only in so far as it does not collapse the history of the recent past.